Resumo Alguns pacientes com demência leve continuam a dirigir após o diagnóstico, mas a habilidade de conduzir um veículo automotor com segurança é perdida à medida que a doença progride. Apesar de muitas vezes não reunirem conhecimento e treinamento formal para essa tarefa, os profissionais de saúde envolvidos na atenção ao paciente com demência precisam emitir recomendações relativas à capacidade desses indivíduos em conduzir um veículo. Essa revisão tem o objetivo de identificar fatores que possam determinar se um indivíduo com comprometimento cognitivo é capaz de conduzir um veículo com segurança. Informações isoladas relativas ao estadiamento ou a testes cognitivos específicos não parecem ser suficientes para uma tomada de decisão apropriada. O aconselhamento nessa situação exige conhecimentos sólidos aplicados a uma avaliação ampla, além de estratégias de comunicação apropriadas ao contexto.

Abstract Although some drivers with mild dementia may continue to drive after the condition has been diagnosed, the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely is eventually lost as the disease progresses. Clinicians involved in dementia care are often asked to make an assessment on whether a patient is fit to drive, even though they often lack basic knowledge and formal training in this area. The purpose of this review was to identify the factors that may differentiate safe from unsafe drivers with cognitive impairment and to discuss management strategies. Isolated information about staging measures or particular cognitive tests was found to be insufficient for decision making. Driving fitness counseling for patients with cognitive impairment requires a solid knowledge base, comprehensive assessment and thoughtful communication.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the profile of osteoporosis treatment among patients hospitalized due to hip fractures at a tertiary-level university hospital. To compare the impact of hospitalization on approaches toward treating bone mass losses. METHOD: The medical records of 123 hip fracture patients aged 60 years and over at the Institute of Orthopedics, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed and analyzed with respect to approaches towards investigating osteoporosis and treatments before and after fracture. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 78 ± 8.3 years, and the majority were women (71.54%). The patients had a mean of 2.72 comorbidities and used 3.26 medications on average. Among these patients, 12.3% reported a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, and 5.83% were on medication for this. The mean waiting time for surgery was 6.3 ± 7.54 days, and seven patients (5.7%) died during the hospitalization. There were no investigations using bone densitometry, no changes in osteoporosis therapy between admission and discharge (p = 0.375), and no reports of referrals for the patient to have access to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Investigations and treatments of osteoporosis and strategies for preventing new fractures were not implemented during the hospitalization of these elderly patients with hip fractures, even though this is the most feared complication of osteoporosis. These data need to be disseminated so that professionals dealing with elderly patients are attentive to the need for primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis because of the impact of fractures on these patients' quality of life, independence, morbidities, and mortality.

Resumo Queixas de memória são comuns em idosos, podendo estar associadas a diversos problemas clínicos. Objetivo: Identificar condições clínicas e fatores relacionadas a queixas de memória em pacientes idosos encaminhados a um serviço terciário. Métodos: Pacientes com queixas de memória e testes de rastreio cognitivo normal foram submetidos a avaliação clínica detalhada e testes laboratoriais, além de avaliação radiológica quando necessário para o diagnóstico. Resultados: Cento e setenta e sete pacientes foram inicialmente avaliados, sendo 12 excluídos devido a queixas frustras e inconsistentes de memória. Dos restantes, 17 preenchiam critérios clínicos para diagnóstico de demência. Noventa e dois (55,4%) apresentavam uma ou mais condições clínicas possivelmente relacionadas às queixas. Depressão maior estava presente em 26%. Dezesseis pacientes (9,6%) tinham deficiência de vitamina B12, 8 estavam em uso de medicações inapropriadas e 7 (4,2%), hipotireoidismo. Outras condições diagnosticadas foram: transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono, hiperparatireoidismo e hidrocefalia de pressão normal. Três pacientes apresentavam hipoacusia grave (em 22 com queixas auditivas), e 1 apresentava perda visual grave (em 22 com queixas visuais). Conclusões: Avaliação detalhada pode identificar diversas condições clínicas tratáveis, possivelmente relacionadas às queixas de memória.

Abstract Memory complaints are common in elderly, and may be associated with many clinical problems. Objective: To identify clinical conditions and possible factors related to memory complaints in elderly outpatients presenting at a tertiary unit. Methods: Patients with memory complaints and normal cognitive screening tests were submitted to clinical and laboratorial testing. Radiological evaluation was performed as needed for diagnosis. Results: One hundred and seventy-seven subjects were initially evaluated, 12 were excluded because of poor and inconsistent memory complaints. Of the remainder, seventeen had criteria for dementia diagnosis. Ninety-two (55.4%) had one or more comorbid conditions possibly related to their complaints. Major depression was present in 26.0%. Sixteen patients (9.6%) had vitamin B12 deficiency, 8 were in use of inappropriate medications, and 7 (4.2%) had hypothyroidism. Other conditions diagnosed were: generalized anxiety disorder, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, normal pressure hydrocephalus. Three patients had severe hearing loss (in 22 with hearing complaints); one had severe visual impairment (in 22 with visual complaints). Conclusions: Comprehensive evaluation was able to identify treatable conditions possibly related to memory complaints.

Os componentes de matriz extracelular têm sido amplamente pesquisados nos últimos anos quanto ao seu papel na patogênese de diversas doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo e síndromes vasculíticas. No caso da arterite de Takayasu, muito pouco se sabe sobre o assunto e são propostas teorias relacionadas com a participação da imunidade celular ou humoral para explicar a causa desta doença. Neste sentido, avaliamos a imunidade humoral nesta patologia. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar anticorpos contra componentes da matriz extracelular, incluindo a identificação de anticorpos anticolágeno e antiaorta. MÉTODOS: Soros de 13 pacientes com arterite de Takayasu e de 8 pacientes normais foram utilizados para pesquisa de auto-anticorpos anticolágeno tipos I, III, IV e V e antiaorta pelo método ELISA. RESULTADOS: Soros dos pacientes com arterite de Takayasu revelaram-se negativos para colágenos dos tipos III e IV e apenas um paciente apresentou positividade para os tipos I e V, enquanto todos os soros de pacientes com arterite de Takayasu revelaram-se negativos para anticorpos anti-aorta. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados demonstraram que as freqüências de anticorpos anticolágenos dos tipos I, III, IV e V não estiveram significativamente aumentadas no soro de pacientes com arterite de Takayasu, assim como os anticorpos antiextrato de aorta, sugerindo que a etiopatogenia desta vasculite esteja possivelmente relacionada com distúrbio da imunidade celular.

The pathogenic role of the components of extracellular matrix as causative factor of diffuse connective diseases and vasculitis has been studied extensively. The pathogenesis of Takayasu´s arteritis is unknown, and many theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of this disease, involving disturbances of the humoral or cellular immune responses. OBJECTIVE: To research antibodies directed to components of the extracellular matrix and aorta extract. METHODS: Serum from thirteen patients with Takayasu´s arteritis and from eight normal patients was tested to show the presence of autoantibodies directed to anti types I, III, IV and V collagen and anti-aorta employing ELISA methodology. RESULTS: Serum from patients with Takayasu´s arteritis didn't show the presence of antibodies directed to types III and IV collagen and only one patient was positive for type I and V collagen. No serum was reactive with aorta extract in patients with Takayasu´s arteritis as well. CONCLUSIONS: Our results didn't show the presence of antibodies directed to types I, III, IV and V collagen, as well as against aorta extract, suggesting that cell immune mediated disturbance should be the mechanism involved in the etiopathogenesis of this form of vasculitis.